Madonna - Hung up Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madonna - Hung up - Research Paper Example Somebody who doesn’t know Madonna otherwise and sees her for the first time in the video can’t tell that the lady has crossed 40’s. The fat woman that dances in the bus is a huge source of inspiration for the women who are obese or overweight. Generally, in our society, fat women are sidelined when it comes to the display of dancing skills since dance is inherently an art of body. However, the fat woman in the video condemns such thinking through her dancing skills. She dances so confidently and nicely in the crowd that the whole crowd is inspired by her. That part of the video was like a one woman’s show. The time was meant for her. Her dance is so perfect and mesmerizing that people either tend to overlook her obesity, or appreciate her obesity. Probably, she would not have looked that graceful dancing had she not been fat. The most important message that has been conveyed through the video in general and the lyrics in particular is that a loving woman is too worthy a possession for a man to lose. In this video, Madonna is shown as a woman who loves her boyfriend so much that she is desperately waiting for his call. She is so obsessed with his love that she would not mind even if her boyfriend calls her late in the night. She is impatient to receive a call from her boyfriend whom she loves so much. Good women are stereotyped to be like this in our society. They have to sacrifice for the men in any way. Madonna does this by waiting for her boyfriend, and yet he is too careless to call her until the end of the video. Madonna makes the audiences realize the importance of such a loving and caring woman in these words, â€Å"I cant keep on waiting for you/I know that youre still hesitating/Dont cry for me/Cause Ill find my way/Youll wake up one day/But itll be too late† (Madonna cited in Avoledo). Ma donna says that her boyfriend would realize her worth when he has lost him. This can be generalized for all women

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Something’s Rotten in Hondo is a case wherein a plant manager, George Mackee, needs to decide whether to get rid of the charges inflicted by the Environmental Protection Agency or EPA or to move in Mexico. He is in a dilemma because if he would choose the former, he has very little chance of eliminating the problem since Bill, George boss, refuses to finance the cleaning of the smokestack. On the other hand, if he would choose the latter, he has to lay off his current employees and hire Mexican workers as a trade-off for not being reprimanded about the EPA standards. His boss leaves the decision up to him. The most obvious ethical concerns in this case are two-fold. The first one is that if George would choose the first option – that is to devise a strategy or a technique that would eradicate the problem with the fines imposed by EPA, he would have to follow what his contemporaries are doing – that is by scheduling the heavy emissions of smokestack during nighttime when the EPA is not in patrol. This entails that he would allow the severance of the environmental pollution (particularly air pollution) for the exchange of not paying any fines to EPA. On the contrary, if George would choose the second option – that is to relocate in Mexico, he would have to dismiss most of his current employees in place of the Mexican workers. And such would include the laying off of his friends and extended families. Furthermore, if he would choose the second option, he would be tolerant of the air pollution caused by the plant’s incapacity to reduce air pollutants. In effect, George has also eliminated the problem of the company on fines issued by EPA. Application of Ethical Theories The case presented in this paper suggests particular ethical problems. For this matter, the author presents two distinct ethical dilemmas for George to decide on: Should he decide to relocate the plant to Mexico or should he just follow the strategy used by his contemporaries? But before he could arrive to a decision, he must first analyze the pros and cons of his decision. If he would choose the former, he could really eliminate the problem with the imposition of fines by the EPA since Mexico assure him that it would not reprimand the plant whatever it does. The only thing is that he has to hire Mexican workers that which implies laying off of his present employees including his friends and extended families. Conversely, if he would agree with that proposal he would also have to bear the dreadful effects of the plant’s operations on the environment, particularly on U. S. Nonetheless, if he would choose the latter, he could also get rid of the problem with the fines imposed by EPA because of failure to meet its guidelines. However, he has to take so much risk by doing the same strategy being used by his contemporaries. In addition, he also has to endure the environmental effects of such strategy just to avoid being reprimanded again by EPA and his boss. Kantian Categorical Imperative If he would apply Kantian’s Categorical Imperative that is by doing his duty, he ought not to do the strategy utilized by his contemporaries (his first option). This is for the reason that he has a duty to protect the environment for both the present and future generations. Plus the fact that his workers have to suffer if he would fire them out of their works. Kant’s Categorical Imperative suggests two maxims in which a person could use to examine the morality of his action. The first maxim states that an action is morally right if one could make such action a universal law. This means that if one could make his action universal or applicable to all others by making it a rule then such action is morally accepted thus it is right. The second maxim, in contrast, focuses on the idea of always treating all human persons as ends and never as means to an end. This maxim argues that every human person has dignity to be respected and has rights as a human thus everyone must act in promoting others rights and not promoting harm to them On the other hand, Kant would not also choose the second option because it also implies environmental degradation. Though he avoids being fined by EPA as well as not even being reprimanded by EPA whatever their operation is, for Kant, he would fail to do the maxims under the Categorical Imperative. He could never make his action or decision as a universal law. Likewise, he would treat other people as mere instruments to achieve his goal by inflicting heath hazards due to smokestack emissions. Kant would suggest that George must never make a decision that would tend to harm the environment because such would also cause severe consequences to the people. As evident in the two options, both would result to the degradation of the environment. Thus, Kant would say that George decision, whichever of the two, would be unethical and morally wrong. Kant would recommend that George must be able to find ways that would not lead to the toleration of environmental pollution. For example, George could instead convince his boss that the only way to solve the problem that would not require him to sacrifice the welfare of the environment is to invest for new technologies that would lessen the emission of smokestack. And such would not even require new scrubbers. Such action is a long-term advantage for the company as well as for the environment. Mill’s Utilitarianism JS Mill’s Utilitarianism would even strengthen the position of not deciding on either of the two options since both would result to environmental pollution. Mill’s Utilitarianism is premised on the idea that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. In other words, Utilitarian principle is mainly directed towards the social utility of an act. This means that if an action can benefit or inflict advantages to more people then such action is morally right. In the case of George, either of the two options would make him tolerate the harm done against the environment. Environment is an essential mechanism that is necessary for human survival. If he would choose the first or the latter option as his decision, he could save the company but inflict great harm to more number of people. Mill would say that George must devise a way in which he could settle the crisis in the company without sacrificing the environment because lots people, including him and his family, depend on the environment’s gifts. Thus, Mill would also recommend the same thing as Kant. Convince his boss by arguing that it is risky and detrimental to the environment if he would follow what his contemporaries are doing. If EPA would find out such underground activities, the company could even be sanctioned more than the imposition of fines. The same thing goes with the second option. If the government of U. S. would find out that the company’s operation cause harsh effects to their environment then there is a big possibility that U. S. would inflict undesirable measures against the company. Rights-based Theory on Decision-making The rights-based theories suggest that it is not always the case that the morality of an action is based on the great benefit that it can produce. At the same time, the rights-based theories do not solely advocate the respect of rights of human persons. These theories suggest that while everyone has a duty to recognize and value the rights of other people (negative rights); it is also everyone’s duty to promote for other’s goals (positive rights). In such manner, the contending ethical theories of Kantianism and Utilitarianism are reconciled in a way that both their concerns are being considered. In the first place, rights are inviolable. They are inalienable or cannot be taken away from human persons no matter what the situation is. Thus, there is no sufficient and rational reason to go against their rights without their consent. The rights-based theories are premised on the idea that every person has the right to choose on how he would like to live his own life. It is not only a person’s duty to respect these rights but also to promote the accomplishment of the goals of other people. By doing so, the rights defined earlier are more strengthen and more realized. In the case of Hondo, George, as a manager, has a duty towards the company. Still, he has duty towards other people. Choosing either of the two decisions would disrespect the rights and disregard the goals of these people. For the rights-based theories, such decision is unethical. The more appropriate way to solve the problem is for George to lend money from a bank so as to install new technology that would lessen the emission of smokestack. He does not really need to hire new scrubbers. By having new technology, for instance machines that clean smokestack, he would not have to result to environmental pollution. It is costly in the beginning but its benefits would be greatly appreciated in the long run. Justice-based Theories in Decision-making In justice-based theories, the overriding principle is focus on the idea of fair. According to John Rawls, the morality of an action can only be measured by appealing to the principle of justice. In his A Theory of Justice, he suggests two principles: liberty and wealth. The former is expressed to explain justice by saying that all must have an equal extent in which they can enjoy and practice their liberties. A least extensive curtailment of liberty is advocated on the condition that such would be shared by all. This entails that an act is right is the product of such act is amenable to all. Hence, justice, in such context, is morally right. In resolving the ethical dilemma faced by George, Justice-based theories would advice him to consider if his decision would be fair to all. Obviously, both options are not beneficial to all. And at the same time, these two options are not the only available options which George has. If he would employ either one of the two options, he would not be just; knowing that if he would be in the place of other people who depend on and survive through environment he would not also endure such nor be willing to agree with such idea. It could be the case that the he and the company are amenable to either of the two options. Nevertheless, others are not really disposed to accept such. Hence, George must not employ such decisions. For George, he could, instead, make control-strategies that would monitor and regulate the emission of smokestack before, during, and even after the plant’s operation in order to examine well the problems concerning the smokestack. Furthermore he could meet with his workers and discuss the problem. He may solicit suggestions on how they could lessen the pollution secreted by their plant onto the environment. After that, he may ask for support from banks by lending or getting loan. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was from the line of Piaget who used moral framework to discuss the psychological development of a human person. His thesis on Moral Development suggests that there are six stages wherein a person passes through before he reaches the ultimate state of being a moral person. This theory will be used to show how Kohlberg’s method would help George in resolving his faced ethical dilemma. The first stage is focus on the idea that one person is initially instructed to obey laws such that he could avoid punishment. This is the primary conception on morality that a person has during his early years. With regards to the case presented in this paper, the appeal to laws and rules concerning environmental protection is the most obvious consideration for George’s decision. He would not decide either of the two options since both would make him violate the law regarding the protection of the environment. On the other hand, if he fails to solve the problem immediately, he might receive punishment from his boss (i. e. termination or demotion). The point is that which of the two punishments could George endure more? More likely than not, he would choose not be imprisoned than being demoted or terminated by his boss. The second stage suggests that every person has his own way of thinking which makes every topic or matter subjective to each person. The thing that works for someone or the thing that is considered right by someone may not be the same for another person. Thus, morality in this stage is relative. George could say that the least that he could that would benefit him and put him out of the dilemma that he is in is by either doing the first option or the second option. Both would mean resolution of his problem yet would cause damage to the environment. If he is a nature-lover he would not go for such decision. But if he is a money-lover, he would employ one of the two alternatives. The third stage is concern on the character in which a person thinks of ways on how he can do good things to the persons close to him (e. . family and friends). This means that his initial moral outlook is directed towards the things that he can do for the sake of his loved ones. In the case, if George is at this stage, he would be more inclined to decide and act so as to promote his family and friends’ welfare. Thus, if he would decide on his problem, he would not choose to relocate since his wife is not in favor of this idea and such will inflict great personal unhappiness to his friends who work in the plant.

Mentoring Essay -- essays research papers

Managing People Individual Assessment Managing Mentoring With the development of the more organic and less formal organisational structures the role of mentors has shifted with these changes. Unlike previously where mentors where seen as formal trainers who taught newcomers the processes and got them acquainted with the cultures and the systems within the organisation. Which required good interpersonal skills and a good knowledge of the activity or tasks the mentee would have to undertake, and be able to effectively relay or demonstrate the tasks or activities to the mentee. As opposed to more recently where a mentor would have to be more of an emotional counselor and demonstrate more skills than were traditionally required from mentors in the past, such as being emotionally sensitive and sometimes employing diversity mentoring and culture mentoring skills. The term Mentor is derived from Greece. Levinson et al defined the mentor as â€Å"someone who is ordinarily several years older, a person of greater experience seniority in the world the young man is entering† This shows that not all mentoring takes place on an organisational level and in many instances is less organic and more mechanic within organisations. Mentoring also differs depending on the organisation the mentee is entering and the capacity that they are entering that organisation, mentoring is extremely prevalent in the education and training of young people in this context Murray and Owen define it as â€Å"a supportive relationship between a youth or young adult and someone who offers support, guidance and concrete assistance† The is an interesting shift in emphasis when organisational mentoring takes the place educational mentoring the focus changes from the personal nature of the mentor and the mentee to the structure and the processes within that relationship. Which really begs the question â€Å"which mentoring style brings about the best results?† but in order to answer that we must analyse what exactly we want to achieve from the mentoring?†. What facilitated mentoring does is set out to encapsulate the relationships and influence that develop in informal mentoring and transfer it to the organisational framework. One of the reasons organisations influence mentoring because it is a cost effective way training and developing, mentors relive the line managers of the responsibility of training... ... of information over the internet will lead to the emergence of more personal relationships being formed on a work related basis. Mentors and mentoring have been part of organisational culture in some capacity since humans started to organise things. It has survived several shifts in the context it was viewed in and how it was and is applied in the organisation. The challenge for organisations of the day be mindful of these constant changes and aim to be responsive not reactive for them. To diagnose exactly what, when and how mentoring should take place and challenge more staff to aspire to be mentors of the future. Referencing Brian Gay - What is Mentoring? Education + Training Vol.36 No.5 1994 pp 4 –7 Linda Holbeche – Peer Mentoring: the challenges and opportunities Career Development International Vol. 1 No. 7 pp 24 – 27 Leonora Kane - Mentoring For Black Students Education + Training Vol.36 No.8 1994 pp 18 –24 Clutterbuck and Megginson – Mentoring Executive and Directors Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Ragins B.R.- Mentor functions and outcomes: a comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships Journal of Applied Psychology Vol.84 No.4 pp529 550

Why Marijuana Remain Ilegal Essay -- Drugs, Legalization

â€Å"I felt so great after using this, I want to try this again† said Sam after using a drug name marijuana. He is an 18 years old football athlete who is about to graduate from high school. He was a smart boy who everyone sees the bright future for him. After a year Sam became a regular marijuana user and then marijuana took control over his life and he became mentally and physically sick. He couldn’t play for the football team anymore because he was physically unable to do it and then after a while he stopped going to college. Now there is no future for him or for his family. This story and many other similar stories about users of marijuana and its effects on their life are the reasons why marijuana should be illegal. Not only marijuana but any other drugs that are dangerous and harmful for people and society should be illegal. By definition, Marijuana is â€Å"green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant.†(1) Marijuana has been very useful throughout history, for example â€Å"in 6000 B.C. cannabis seeds were used as food in china; in 4000 B.C. the Chinese used textiles made of hemp; in 2727 China used cannabis as medicine and in 1500 B.C. the Chinese cultivate Cannabis for food and fiber†(6). But unfortunately people today made this useful plant very dangerous by using it in a wrong way. Marijuana is very common and most used illegal drug in the United States. Marijuana’s scientific name is Cannabis but there are more different terms for marijuana that you can hear from different people such as weed, pot, grass, Mary Jane, or chronic. Marijuana has 400 dangerous and harmful chemicals but the main one is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). People these days are using marijuana by smoking or... ...bling, it’s legal in some states in the United States but people are still doing it illegally. And also some believe by legalization of marijuana the number of crime in the society would decrease but it is not true because it would increase the crime, the society still have problem with alcohol that causes rape, robbery, reckless driving, and murder. They don’t want to face more problems by legalizing the marijuana. And the other argument was about legalizing marijuana because for the medical use. Some people from long time ago until now believed the chemicals that are in the drug can be useful for treating illnesses. But also there are some arguments and researches that show that these believe are not scientifically true. Because of these arguments and researches shows that marijuana is a dangerous drug and it can be harmful for society so it should not be legal.

Decay of Faith in “The Enduring Chill”

Khaqhovia Lee Ms. Bolle IB Junior English October 5, 2012 Decay of Faith Heaven, earth, and beliefs of a superior being ruling the world are contradicted through Flannery O’Connor’s stories. â€Å"The Enduring Chill†, a short story by Flannery O’Connor, displays religious figures combined with the hypocrisy of Christian faith. â€Å"The Enduring Chill† is about Asbury, a male writer, who returns home to live with his mother due to his illness. Great conflict occurs between Asbury and his mother, so much that he would rather die and leave her in despair than to live with her, suffering life in a cage.Flannery O’Connor applies the motif of religion to express the contradiction of a Christian believer. Flannery O’Connor portrays religion through the use of animals, symbolism to religious figures, and Christian stories throughout â€Å"The Enduring Chill†. Flannery O’Connor uses religious animals to reveal the contradiction n ature of humans. When Asbury sees his sister, he tells his mother to, â€Å"let sleeping dogs lie† (O’Connor 358); the dogs could be related to Cerberus, the gate keeper to the underworld. Asbury sees his sister as evil.The quote also foreshadows Asbury’s illness, because he is lying in bed waiting for the illness to take his life, like the sleeping dogs. Flannery O’Connor also uses animals from different religions to foreshadow misfortunate events, such as â€Å"the dry cows were on one side and the milk herd on the other. She slowed the car and then stopped altogether, her attention caught by a cow with a bad quarter. † (O’Connor 362). The cow is a holy animal in the Hinduism religion, and the cow having a bad quarter is an omen of bad luck.It also foreshadows to the bad milk which is tainted with the stench of smoke, and causing Asbury to fall more ill. Another use of religious animals is â€Å"to find freedom, to liberate my imagination , to take it like a hawk from its cage and set it ‘whirling off into the widening gyre’ (Yeats) and what did I find? It was incapable of flight† (O’Connor 364). The quote reveals Asbury’s sense of freedom through the use of a hawk; hawks are known to be one of the most intelligent birds, as well as having a great vision.The hawk foreshadows Asbury’s realization, when Asbury discovers his illness wouldn’t kill him. Asbury is incapable of flying free from his caged life because he takes back the key to the drawers which held the letters, as soon as he discovers he would not die; caging himself in and stopping himself from gaining his freedom. A hawk also refers to a dove, which represents freedom and peace in the bible, and Asbury wants to live free and in peace. Animals are used to portray the progression of human life.Flannery O’Connor uses allusion to refer to bible stories, while using the stories to display the unfaithfulness of Christians. Asbury comes off the train and waits for his mother to come pick him up, and â€Å"Asbury felt that he was about to witness a majestic transformation, that the flat of roofs might at any moment turn into†¦some exotic temple of a god he didn’t know† (O’Connor 357). The majestic transformation alludes to Jesus on Mt. Sinai, where Jesus becomes engulfed in light, and radiates with the power of God.Asbury does not know the temple of God because he constantly turns away from God. The illusion he witnesses is common in the bible when God send’s a messenger and dreams to humans to warn and help them. Another example appears during the car ride to his mother’s home, and â€Å"the he turned and faced his mother grimly, irked that he had allowed himself, even for an instant, to see an imaginary temple in this collapsing country junction† (O’Connor 358). The temple of God is not a physical temple but the body of all the Chris tian believers, but Asbury does not understand God’s will.The collapsing country junction is an allusion to the destruction of the walls of Jericho. The walls fall from the undying faith of the Israelites. Asbury does not believe he sees the event and decides to continue in life waiting for his death to come without realizing God. The wall of Jericho symbolizes Asbury’s faith which is crumbling down. While Asbury lies in the hospital â€Å"a blinding red-gold sun moved serenely from under a purple cloud†¦ below it the treeline was black against the crimson sky† (O’Connor 382). The red-gold sun represents the death of Christ, as he is hanging on the cross.Jesus’s blood symbolizes the crimson sky. The black tree line forms the countless amounts of sinners which resent God and Jesus. The darkest days of the world are also on the day Christ dies; Asbury’s darkest days are also on the very same day he witnesses the scene. Each allusion displ ays the decaying faith of Christians and increase of human weakness. Flannery O’Connor displays the decaying faith of Christians by incorporating religious figures. Asbury describes his friend as being â€Å"as bland as the Buddha himself† (O’Connor 359).Buddha is usually seen as a cheerful and chubby man, who never falls into temptations, and not bland. Asbury’s knowledge of religion is very low by applying bland to Buddha. Buddha descends from a wealth family but he decides to follow the road of hardships, but Asbury is from a well off family but he decides to live the life of a metropolitan. Asbury fails in living the life and becomes overwhelmed with hardships; giving up the life he wished for and travels on a darker path. As Asbury wonders around his mother’s home he noticed the â€Å"water stains on the gray walls.Descending from the top molding, long icicle shapes had been etched by leaks and, directly over his bed on the ceiling, another l eak had made a fierce bird with spread wings† (O’Connor 365). A fierce bird with spread wings symbolizes the Holy Spirit which appears to the disciples as they are enlightened by the Holy Spirit, with flames floating above their heads. Instead of flames there is a long icicle, the exact opposite of a flame. A fierce bird also symbolizes the anger of God because he would show no mercy to though who go against his will.Asbury disobeys his mother’s rules and falls into a deeper illness. Asbury stunned by the fact he wouldn’t die, looks into the mirror and â€Å"the eyes that stared back at him were the same that had returned his gaze every day from that mirror but seemed to him that they were paler† (O’Connor 382). God is all powerful and all seeing, the eyes represent his presence in the room, but he realizes the eyes are paler. Asbury loses God and stays living in his life trapped in a cage, with is mother. Religious figures portray the weaken ing of Christian Faith.

DePaul University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

DePaul University Admissions and Acceptance Rate With an acceptance rate of 70%, admission to DePaul University is largely accessible for hard working high school students with solid academic records. DePaul is test-optional, so students are not required to submit scores from the SAT or ACT. Additional application materials include a high school transcript and a completed application form.  Students can apply using the Common Application.​  Interested students should check out the DePaul admissions webpage and are encouraged to visit the campus. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016) DePaul University Acceptance Rate: 70%GPA, ACT and SAT graph for DePaulDePaul has test-optional admissionsTop Illinois colleges SAT comparisonBig East SAT comparison chartBig East ACT comparison chartTop Illinois colleges ACT comparison DePaul University Description DePaul Universitys 24,000 students make it the largest Catholic university in the country, and one of the largest private universities. DePaul was founded by the Vincentians in 1898, and the school remains committed to providing educational opportunities for students from a wide range of social and economic backgrounds. One in three undergraduates are first-generation college students, and students come from 100 different countries and all 50 states. DePaul takes advantage of its location in Chicago to provide students with hands-on, practical learning experiences. The university has one of the highest rated service-learning programs in the country. It has received awards for excellence in diversity and as one of the best places for women and diverse managers to work. In athletics, the DePaul Blue Demons compete in the NCAA Division I  Big East Conference. Popular sports include soccer, basketball, track and field, and tennis. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 23,110 (15,407 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female86% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17) Tuition and Fees: $37,626Books: $1,104 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,387Other Expenses: $2,364Total Cost: $54,481 DePaul University Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96%Loans: 59%Average Amount of AidGrants: $19,085Loans: $6,865 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Communication Studies, Finance, General Studies, Management Sciences, Marketing, Political Science, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 85%4-Year Graduation Rate: 59%6-Year Graduation Rate: 73% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Basketball, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Volleyball, Track and Field, Tennis, Softball, Cross Country, Basketball Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like DePaul, You May Also Like These Schools University of Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University - Bloomington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Iowa: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDominican University: Profile  Columbia College Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Illinois at Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Essay on Nelson Mandela

Essay on Nelson Mandela Essay on Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela Myles York CLN4U-M M.Stephenson October 10, 2013 On July 18 1918 a man by the name of Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa. Hendry Mphakanyisma was his father part of the Tembu Tribe. Nelson attended University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand which he chose to study law. While at university he became friends with a man named Oliver Tambo and together after their schooling they decided to open a law firm for people of color that provided free or low cost representation for those in need who had financial trouble. Mr. Mandela didn’t like all the injustices happening in law and he thought he could change this by joining the political side of the law, so in 1944 he joined the African National Congress. He was apart of the resistance that was opposed to the National’s Party segregation policies after 1948. He went to trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was free in 1961. Nelson Mandela was inspired to start working towards change due to his beliefs. He did not like all the injustice that had taken place with the apartheid and wanted the racial discrimination to end by the white minority. After 69 protesters unfortunately died during a massive protest in Sharpeville, Nelson Mandela believed military action was necessary. Mandela raised money and he organized an attack on the military and important apartheid targets but sadly in there attempt to stop the apartheid system civilians began to die due to the war. He continued to use violent ways to try and stop the apartheid system, but that came to n end in 1962. Nelson Mandela had received a life sentence in prison for traveling without a passport. He ended up serving 27 years in prison of his life sentence from 1963-1990. From day one that Mandela was in prison he began to use a non-violent approach with the prison guards to resist them. Also while he was imprisoned he made sure that he kept the inmates from feeling the mental state of of being a victim. Even though the prisoners we exposed to hard working conditions, Mandela wanted

7 Points That Will Help You Geography Coursework Stand Out from the Crowd

7 Points That Will Help You Geography Coursework Stand Out from the Crowd 7 Points That Will Help You Geography Coursework Stand Out from the Crowd Taking a class in college involves a lot of hard work in different areas. One of those is to complete a coursework following all the demands. This activity takes considerable time and should not be rushed. Here are some useful tips to write a brilliant geography coursework. 1.   Know the Purpose A coursework is assigned to show what you know. Though, this is an overall purpose of any coursework. But, it is important to know the reasoning behind a specific assignment. What exactly is it asking you to do? What questions do you need to answer in your geography coursework? If you answer these questions you are more likely to compose a piece of writing that involves readers in the problem. 2.   Create a Plan Once you become aware of the purpose, the next step is to figure out how to achieve it. You need to create an outline for your writing assignment. It allows you to think of each separate part of a coursework. Besides, background reading is necessary to gather additional valuable sources for your geography coursework if you tend to create an impressive paper. Such a plan will help you fuel the audience’s interest providing some new information in portions and then, giving the solution. 3.   Don’t Plagiarize Talking about sources, when you use them, you need to make sure that you aren’t copying. A coursework that isn’t copied will help it stand out from the rest. If you do use specific quotes or information, make sure to cite them correctly according to a formatting style. Proper citations will not only help you avoid problems with the law but also will help you make readers interested in the issue you will provide them with the sources they may also go through to learn the problem deeper! Isn’t it a great idea to help your readers get some new knowledge? 4.   Divide and Conquer Even though it’s one assignment, a coursework is recommended to divide into different stages. Breaking an assignment down is really helpful because it will be simpler to pass through each small stage separately than all together. Since all the small steps lead to the big success, in no time, you’ll have your coursework all done! In this case, you keep your audience focused on the issue as they do not lose the interest they get an issue and the solution in advance. If you keep the answer to the question until the very end you risk your audience getting bored and no waiting for the verdict. 5.   Give it Your All To really make your geography coursework stand out, you need to devote 100% of your efforts. Try changing your mindset. Imagine that you are handing in the assignment to the President of the United States. Would it look different? Putting forth your biggest efforts will be highly appreciated. 6.   Go to Class! The very best way to succeed in a coursework is to miss NO classes. Take useful notes while you are present in a class. Being in constant and active exposure to the material on geography will greatly aid you when you have an assignment because you will have a lot of background knowledge. You can impress your teacher with including ideas that could have only been learned from class lectures. 7.   Check Your Work Many students tend to complete an assignment and hand it in. This is actually a wrong way to do. You need to complete a paper, check it and then, hand it in. The extra step of checking the work is very important. It shows that you care about your craft and that you have spent the time to do it the best. Of course, you do NOT want your paper stand out from the crowd for it has a lot of grammar, punctuation, and stylistic mistakes, right? If you want to receive some professional help in correcting mistakes, you can ask a custom coursework writing service for aid. The team of qualified editors will help you make your coursework top-notch and get you the best grades.

Communication Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Portfolio - Essay Example I also appreciate the lessons that I learned in the lectures about the CCCD Model of Communication because it taught me to become persuasive and to communicate well. Having gone through the course, I believe that my goals and objectives had changed for the better. Before the class started, I must admit that I share most of student’s perspective to at least pass the subject and hopefully, to do well. This goal changed with the perspective and insight that I learned from the class. I believe I am now more â€Å"professionally oriented† because I now look forward on getting my dream job and to get that, I have to prepare as early as now. My former mindset of just passing the subject has changed from actually learning it and set small achievable goals that can lead to achieving my bigger goals. Goals also do progression and we just do not achieve bigger goals immediately. We have to accustom ourselves in setting smaller goals and achieving it and it helps to actually write them down because it felt like we are committed to them. There are few lessons that I would like bring up in this paper because it resonated in me or left a lasting impression. It is about the lesson in conscious communication and interviewing. This chapter is important to me because I used to dread interviews, presentation and being â€Å"interrogated by serious people†. But I realize that to get the job that I dreamed of, I have to handle if not master interviews and overcome my fear of it. And the course indeed helped me overcome my fear about interviews. It did sonot by telling me not to fear it but rather on understanding its dynamics and providing me the tools to be effective at it. I learned that interviews vary and not just those â€Å"scary ones† and each type of them has different type of interactions of which the course taught me. I am glad however that I am provided with the tools to overcome my anxiety with interviews and succeed with it by using the CCCD model for interview which set the parameters for the interview that taught me the steps to become effective at it. It made me realize the common mistakes committed during interviews and by realizing it, taught me to avoid it and not to commit the same mistake. I believe that this knowledge and skills I learned from the course such as the CCCD model for interviewing will be invaluable in getting my dream job in a very prestigious company. I can simplify what I learned from this CCCD model of interview as setting the goal for interview, how to deliver during interview and to practice it. Learning this tools made me more confident about myself and my goal has inadvertently changed as I gain more confidence. Now my goal is to realize my dream of getting into a prestigious company and working my dream job that is related to communication. I am aware that I still have a lot to learn to realize my goal but knowing the essence and foundation is essential for my future growth. From now on, I will consciously practice what I learned from CCCD to make it an inherent skill. Practice makes it perfect and I want this skill to become my nature so I have to practice it. I also have to equip myself with knowledge and ski

A Brief Look at the False Idea of the English Language as Perfect and Assignment

A Brief Look at the False Idea of the English Language as Perfect and Unchanging - Assignment Example The paper tells that man traveled the world and explored unvisited areas. Due to the lost connection with his ancestors, he invented a new language unknown to his ancestors to communicate with his partners. This way, different languages emerged in different areas all over the world. But every time a language was created in some area, the creators were influenced by nature and culture prevailing in that area. Different areas of the world are blessed by nature with different natural resources, weathers, and cultures. Other than fundamental human needs like air, water, food, and shelter, human needs vary from place to place. They are influenced by the social norms and trends prevailing in a particular area. These social trends and cultures vary not only from place to place but also from time to time. Every new era brings new inventions, trends, and cultures along with it. Old things keep being modified and new things keep being developed with the spread of knowledge and literature. Like wise, languages vary not only in different parts of the world but also different generations of a race. There are a lot of new-age inventions that young children are fully aware of and are completely unknown to their ancestors. Increase in development of industries and factories has opened employment opportunities for everybody which has led to urbanization. In the modern world, people need to be constantly inter-connected to keep up with the rapid changes in the dynamic mood of the modern world. Frequent communication among individuals is necessary in order to facilitate one another. That is why it is hard to imagine an individual not possessing a mobile in the today’s world. To facilitate frequent communication, new accents supporting quicker delivery of words have emerged. In addition to that, words have been modified/shortened in a way that would facilitate quick delivery and text writing. Various substitutes are universally known nowadays for words used in everyday langu age. Mobiles have made it very cheap and easy to communicate through text messages. In order to save time, slangs are used for words to cut-short the writing time. English is a universal language and is spoken nearly

Comparison between two books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison between two books - Essay Example This study aims at examining and analyzing the approaches used by two books in explaining criminological issues and the criminal justice system in America. The two books are Criminological Theories and Rebuilding Justice. In the third chapter of Criminological theories, the book discusses biosocial and biological theories of crime. The basis of these theories is the view that it is possible to observe and measure individual differences and that defects in individuals’ genetic and biological make up can predetermine one’s criminal behavior (Ronald and Christine, 2013). Contemporary biological theories have tended to put more focus on differences in genetic and biological factors and how they interact with the external environment. The traditional theories stipulate that crime occurs as a result of biological abnormalities in individuals and the individuals therefore have no choice of their own to avoid criminal acts. Notable proponents of these theories include sociologists such as Cesare Lombroso, Ferrero William, Charles Goring, and Sarnoff Mednick among others. Some of the biosocial and biological theories include the evolutionary theory that states that genetic criminal behavior is p assed down to the next generations through the evolutionary process of natural selection; the biosocial arousal theory states that the level of arousal of an individual works according to the social environment around them (Ronald and Christine, 2013). Individuals with a lower arousal level are less capable of learning fast and moving at pace with the wider society and will thereof resort to criminal activities. Biological theories approach the criminal justice system in a different view. Punishment is viewed as a way of deterring individuals from committing crimes, but it cannot effectively change the individuals’ biological characteristics that predispose them to criminal

305 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

305 - Essay Example It will also increase efficiency because the front desk will only use automated services to communicate with the other departments. It will also ensure surveillance so that workers at the front-desk department do their responsibilities without wasting time. The front-desk department at the organization has for a long time been ineffective creating losses for the company because of a waste of time. The main issue regards doing things manually at the reception. The company secretaries do not use any machine that links the department to other departments within the company. The only machine in the front desk area is a computer that is only used to record customer visits when they come to the company and employee attendance every morning when they report to work. The front desk is supposed to receive customers and potential clients, listen to their concerns and send them to the relevant departments for help or service. However, customers and employees have reported that the front-desk is very slow in their responsibilities, ignore their duties and are ineffective. The source of this problem is that the front desk lacks automated systems that could have helped the department to make the processes fast and be reliable. Because of this, employees at the department are forced to walk to other departments in search of important documents or to seek clarification over important matters that may not be appropriate for phone calls. This has seen some employees take up to 30 minutes when going to take important documents. They waste time along the way, tell stories during work time and deliberately take time to avoid doing much work. In addition, simple tasks that require a phone call to other departments are ignored. Instead of making the calls, the employees deliberately walk out of their working area pretending that they need to go and find such information physically. These problems have increased inefficiencies within the

Energy drink case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Energy drink case - Research Paper Example It is, therefore, feasible to posit that market positioning of alternative beverages is largely dependent on product differentiation. Just like in production of carbonated drinks, principal sellers in alternative soft drinks industry are globally renowned beverage manufacturers like PepsiCo and Coca-Cola (Barr & Hajela, 2013). This is ascribable to the fact that the two companies already had strong brands in the beverage industry before venturing into the provision of alternative beverages. Nonetheless, other beverage manufacturers like Hansen Natural Corporation, which produces Monster Energy and Red Bull GmbH, have succeeded in building recognized brands, while gaining a considerable share of the potent alternative beverage industry. Even though the latter industry was projected to sustain the steady growth observed previously, it suffered a setback following the 2008 financial recession. Unfavorable economic conditions impeded consumers’ buying capacity thus resulting in a significant decline in sales, particularly those of highly-priced alternative beverages. All the same, industry analysts foresee improvement in sales of alternative soft drinks with time, as carbonated drinks consumers progressively shift their preference towards the relatively new beverage category. Competing companies in this industry can only increase their chances of success depending on their readiness to match volatility of consumer trends, capacity to build brand loyalty, willingness to adopt innovation, and ability to increase distribution and marketing channels, among other distinctive strategies. Global beverage organizations like PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are focusing on reversing the major decline of carbonated by venturing into production of alternative beverages. These organizations have expanded their market presence by introducing vitamin drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks in the international market (Esterl, 2013). Additionally,

305 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

305 - Essay Example It will also increase efficiency because the front desk will only use automated services to communicate with the other departments. It will also ensure surveillance so that workers at the front-desk department do their responsibilities without wasting time. The front-desk department at the organization has for a long time been ineffective creating losses for the company because of a waste of time. The main issue regards doing things manually at the reception. The company secretaries do not use any machine that links the department to other departments within the company. The only machine in the front desk area is a computer that is only used to record customer visits when they come to the company and employee attendance every morning when they report to work. The front desk is supposed to receive customers and potential clients, listen to their concerns and send them to the relevant departments for help or service. However, customers and employees have reported that the front-desk is very slow in their responsibilities, ignore their duties and are ineffective. The source of this problem is that the front desk lacks automated systems that could have helped the department to make the processes fast and be reliable. Because of this, employees at the department are forced to walk to other departments in search of important documents or to seek clarification over important matters that may not be appropriate for phone calls. This has seen some employees take up to 30 minutes when going to take important documents. They waste time along the way, tell stories during work time and deliberately take time to avoid doing much work. In addition, simple tasks that require a phone call to other departments are ignored. Instead of making the calls, the employees deliberately walk out of their working area pretending that they need to go and find such information physically. These problems have increased inefficiencies within the

A research strategy for a topic of security risk analysis Essay

A research strategy for a topic of security risk analysis - Essay Example The researcher states that it is necessary to understand the importance of conducting quantitative research within the information security field to become familiar with the challenges one faces when addressing an issue in question. Besides, to have a clear picture of the challenges in quantitative research methods, a research strategy must be evaluated to determine the pros and cons related to sampling, validity, reliability, and bias during a study. In fact, the evaluation of each criterion within a hypothetical study will include the use of online survey research to collect data from participants without the need for additional investment in hardcopy materials and travel expenses. Therefore, to become familiar with the challenges of quantitative research using an online research methodology, the sampling, validity, reliability, and bias will be analyzed by selecting a strategy to conduct a hypothetical study on security risk management. This will determine the viability of the onl ine survey strategy in the information security field. The viability of the online survey methodology will depend on internal and external factors during the process of research management. Before selecting and implementing a research method during an information security study, it is necessary to understand the research question and then define the hypothesis to determine the direction of the research. The direction of the research will be determined by the topic under investigation, thus establishing a clear strategy to obtain the necessary data needed to complete the study. As disclosed by Cook and Cook (2008), the research design will be based on the research question, so that the study will be able to answer the main hypothesis. Then the data gathering must be elaborated on using quantitative research methods based on the variables illustrated in the hypothesis. Indeed, using quantitative research methods will allow the researcher to present the results of the data collected us ing statistical displays to make a correlation between the dependent and independent variables being studied. Before the selection of a research methodology, internal and external validity must be considered before adopting an instrument. Nevertheless, before making a final decision on the preferred instrument, well-defined research questions must be formulated. The research questions must be related to the main hypothesis to acquire the best results and to illustrate the importance of quantitative research within the topic being studied. The research questions must address the purpose of the data to be collected corresponding to all independent variables to understand the behavior of the dependent variable. For this reason, if a study titled â€Å"Security controls as a tool of security risk management in business revenue† will be conducted to understand the reliability of security controls in protecting business revenue, the research question will be â€Å"Are security con trols reliable in protecting the business revenue†. The dependent variable is business revenue and the independent variable is reliability of security controls. The research hypothesis is that security controls are reliable for protecting business revenue. This will give a direction to the research. Indeed, the development of an instrument and the implementation of a research method will be based on the research questions to be asked to the targeted population to acquire a

Line Between Tough Love and Child Abuse Essay Example for Free

Line Between Tough Love and Child Abuse Essay Poets and authors have tried to define love for centuries, whereas scientists have only recently started. Many of us know intuitively that love is a major purpose for living; (Blueprint, 2013) that connection is inherent in all that we do, and without love, we cannot survive as a species. But what is love, and how do we know when were in it? First , lets start off with what love isnt. If someone asks you to do or say something that isnt in your nature, that isnt true love. Smith, 2002) Although love does involve compromises between partners, someone who is in love with you will never ask you to change who you are in order to be loved. True Love is caring. The ancient Greeks had many different names for different forms of love: passion, virtuous, affection for the family, desire, and general affection. But no matter how love is defined, they all hold a common trait: caring. (Blueprint, 2013) True Love is attractive. Attraction and chemistry form the bond that allows people to mate. Without this romantic desire for another individual, a relationship is nothing more than lust or infatuation. True Love is attached. Like the mother-child bond, attachment comes after the initial attraction. Attachment is the long term love that appears anywhere from one to three years into a romantic relationship (sometimes sooner and very rarely after), and youll know youve found it when you can honestly say, (Smith, 2002) Ive seen the worst and the best you have to offer, and I still love you, while your partner feels the same way. True Love is committed. When it comes to true love, commitment is more than just monogamy. It’s the knowledge that your partner cares for you and has your back, no matter what the circumstances. People who are strongly committed to one another will, when faced with seemingly negative information about their partner, see only the positive. For example, a friend comments that your partner doesnt say a lot. Ah yes, hes the strong, silent type, you reply. People with less commitment to their partner would instead say something like, Yeah, I can never have conversation with him. It’s annoying. True Love is Intimate. Intimacy is a crucial component of all relationships, regardless of their nature. In order to know another, you need to share parts of yourself. This self-revealing behavior, when reciprocated, (Teicher, 2000) forms an emotional bond. Over time this bond strengthens and even evolves, so that two people merge closer and closer together. Intimacy by itself if is a great friendship, but compiled with the other things in this list, it forms an equation for true love. Within the minimum standards set by CAPTA, each State is responsible for providing its own definitions of child abuse and neglect. Most States recognize four major types of maltreatment: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Although any of the forms of child maltreatment may be found separately, (Blueprint, 2013) they often occur in combination. In many States, abandonment and parental substance abuse are also defined as forms of child abuse or neglect. The examples provided below are for general informational purposes only. Not all States definitions will include all of the examples listed below, and individual States definitions may cover additional situations not mentioned here. Physical abuse is no accidental physical injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or death) as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning, or otherwise harming a child, that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child. Perry, 2002) Such injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caregiver intended to hurt the child. Physical discipline, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered abuse as long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the child. Neglect is the failure of a parent, guardian, or other caregiver to provide for a childs basic needs. (Perry, 2002) Neglect may be physical (failure to provide necessary food or shelter, or lack of appropriate supervision), medical (e. g. failure to provide necessary medical or mental health treatment), educational (e. g. , failure to educate a child or attend to special education needs), or emotional (e. g. , inattention to a childs emotional needs, failure to provide psychological care, or permitting the child to use alcohol or other drugs). These situations do not always mean a child is neglected. Sometimes cultural values, the standards of care in the community, and poverty may be contributing factors, indicating the family is in need of information or assistance. Teicher, 2000) When a family fails to use information and resources, and the childs health or safety is at risk, then child welfare intervention may be required. In addition, many States provide an exception to the defi nition of neglect for parents who choose not to seek medical care for their children due to religious beliefs that may prohibit medical intervention. Sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or caregiver such as fondling a childs genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. Sexual abuse is defined by CAPTA as the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children. Emotional abuse (or psychological abuse) is a pattern of behavior that impairs a childs emotional development or sense of self-worth. This may include constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove and, therefore, (Teicher, 2000) child protective services may not be able to intervene without evidence of harm or mental injury to the child. Emotional abuse is almost always present when other forms are identified. Abandonment is now defined in many States as a form of neglect. (Perry, 2002) In general, a child is considered to be abandoned when the parents identity or whereabouts are unknown, the child has been left alone in circumstances where the child suffers serious harm, or the parent has failed to maintain contact with the child or provide reasonable support for a specified period of time. Tough love simply means that if your child decides to do anything that can harm him/her or others that you have to love your child enough to take a stand against that behavior. If this means that you have to report your child to the authorities, whether the law or teachers, then you need to do it. It also means that if you find that you need help with your child for whatever reason that you should ask for it. There is nothing shameful about having a child who is out of control. It happens to the best of parents. What would be shameful is not to do anything. The fastest and best way to implement tough love techniques with your child is to simply start making them fully responsible for their own actions. (Blueprint, 2013) Don’t pay or legal representation, don’t bail them out with teachers, and don’t interfere in the natural consequences that may happen. Sometimes, you may even need to go further in the case of a child putting others in danger via drinking or drugging and driving. Take the car, take the money, take the phone, remove all privileges, and if that doesn’t work, you may have to call the police on your child who is pract icing illegal behaviors. Don’t give multiple warnings and threats. (Teicher, 2000) Teenagers just stop believing you, if you don’t back up your words with actions. Giving natural consequences a push in the right direction can go far in helping your child, while you’re still there for emotional support as long as they’re doing the right thing, can help a child straighten their life out before they are on their own. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. The earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal and break the cycle—rather than perpetuate it. By learning about common signs of abuse and what you can do to intervene, you can make a huge difference in a child’s life. While physical abuse is shocking due to the scars it leaves, not all child abuse is as obvious. Ignoring children’s needs, putting them in unsupervised, dangerous situations, or making a child feel worthless or stupid are also child abuse. Regardless of the type of child abuse, the result is serious emotional harm. An estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006 (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). While physical injuries may or may not be immediately visible, abuse and neglect can have consequences for children, families, and society that last lifetimes, if not generations. The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences. In reality, however, it is impossible to separate them completely. Physical consequences, such as damage to a childs growing brain, can have psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological problems often manifest as high-risk behaviors. Depression and anxiety, for example, may make a person more likely to smoke, abuse alcohol or illicit drugs, or overeat. High-risk behaviors, in turn, can lead to long-term physical health problems such as sexually transmitted diseases, cancer, and obesity. This factsheet provides an overview of some of the most common physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences of child abuse and neglect, while acknowledging that much crossover among categories exists. The immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglect—isolation, fear, and an inability to trust—can translate into lifelong consequences including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. (Teicher, 2000) Researchers have identified links between child abuse and neglect and the following: In one long-term study, as many as 80 percent of young adults who had been abused met the diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21. These young adults exhibited many problems, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts (Silverman, Reinherz, amp; Giaconia, 1996). Other psychological and emotional conditions associated with abuse and neglect include panic disorder, dissociative disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and reactive attachment disorder (Teicher, 2000). The National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being recently found children placed in out-of-home care due to abuse or neglect tended to score lower than the general population on measures of cognitive capacity, language development, and academic achievement (2003). Children who are abused and neglected by caretakers often do not form secure attachments to them. These early attachment difficulties can lead to later difficulties in relationships with other adults as well as with peers (Morrison, Frank, Holland, amp; Kates, 1999). Not all victims of child abuse and neglect will experience behavioral consequences; however, child abuse and neglect appear to make the following more likely: Studies have found abused and neglected children to be at least 25 percent more likely to experience problems such as delinquency, teen pregnancy, low academic achievement, drug use, and mental health problems (Kelley et al. , 1997). A National Institute of Justice study indicated being abused or neglected as a child increased the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59 percent. Abuse and neglect increased the likelihood of adult criminal behavior by 28 percent and violent crime by 30 percent (Widom amp; Maxfield, 2001). Research consistently reflects an increased likelihood that abused and neglected children will smoke cigarettes, abuse alcohol, or take illicit drugs. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as many as two-thirds of people in drug treatment programs reported being abused as children (2000).

Main Cause Of Environmental Issues In China Environmental Sciences Essay

Main Cause Of Environmental Issues In China Environmental Sciences Essay Population problems are one of the worlds most important social problems, and they are the cores of many contemporary social problems. Also, population problems are closely connected to environmental issues, and the earth is threatened by them. There are different kinds of population problems which China is facing now, and the problems of Sole child policy have begun to show: First, the overpopulation problem; second, the population aging problem; third, the decline of population quality problem. The statistics show that China has the biggest population in the world, and there are probably 1.3 billion people in China. In addition, the speed of population growth is amazing that the average annual growth rate is up to 0.57%. Large population and weak carrying capacity are the basic national conditions of China at this stage, and it is difficult to change in a short time. The population problem is a long-term problem in the primary stage of socialism in China, and it may lead to limited resources, less sustainability of the earth, and the poorer population quality. These results are all main causes of environmental issues in China, and the Chinese government has paid attention on these problems. Why China has too much population? The first reason is that China has low cost of having children. The lower cost of having children in the place, there will be the higher density of population. The geographical feature in China is that the western part is high, and the eastern part is low. The highest Tibetan Plateau in the western region has average 4,000 meters of altitude above sea level, and to the eastern coastal areas, it is less than a few hundred meters. This terrain condition is affected by Pacisic monsoon, which makes the rains concentrate on May to December. Also, the growth of crops needs moisture and temperature, and May to December in China has both heat and rain in the same period, these make China suitable for food planting, especially for the cultivation of high-yielding rice. In such areas suitable for the cultivation of rice, there will be more grain output in the same proportion. Using food as a unit of account to calculate, China has a lower cost of dependents. Therefore, a larger number of depen dent will make the population density be larger. The secondly reason can be that China has different cultures and different religions. Ancient Chinese thought that no offspring was a big problem, and in order to carry on the family line, they needed early marriage and childbearing traditions. Also, they were desired for sons, and they would not stop having babies until a son was born because they thought sons could support the parents when they got old. In addition, there can be another religious factor such as the East Asian religions restrict abortion. These directly cause that each family has many children, which is a basis of overpopulation in China today. The third reason of why there are many people in China is that after the liberation, medical conditions greatly improved, and the survival rate of babies was highly improved. Also, Chairman Mao in that period suggested that more people would have more power because of the demand of labor for the technology backward and lack of military power that time. In brief, these three reasons show that China has a huge population base, and with the growth of the population every year, it leads to overpopulation in China, which results in a series of environmental issues now. Why overpopulation in China causes environmental issues? With the growth of population and the improvement of product tools, the depth and breadth of the usage of the nature are perpetually expanded, and humans interference on ecological environment is bigger and bigger. When peoples business activities reverse natural original balance and coordination, and the nature cannot make up itself for the damage by human activities, there will be a series of ecological environmental issues. It can be reflected through many aspects such as limited resources, serious pollution, and decease in biodiversity. Because the population is becoming bigger, the demand of industry for resources and economy in China is becoming bigger. However, the industry is like a double-edged sword, and at the same time it brings prosperity and civilization, it also brings negative effects. Due to various reasons, Chinas not very large industry destroys natural ecosystems, and increases environmental pollution. From a domestic perspective, as city as a center, the range of environmental degradation is still expanding; soil erosion and desertification degree aggravated; resource destruction and waste is widespread, and some important resources gap gradually widened. Environmental pollution and degradation become one of the main factors restricting the sustainable development of Chinas economy and threatening the health of people. In 2002, the worlds forest coverage rate is 31.3%, but China is only 14%. Due to the irrational use of pasture, the grassland shows degradation, desertification, and salinization trends, and the average grass yield decreased by 30%-50%. In the arid and semi-arid areas, precipitation is far below evaporation, and vegetation is sparse and the ecology is fragile. The mild human activity is likely to lead to land degradation and desertification. China is one of the worlds most serious soil erosion countries, and serious soil erosion and desperate short of water resources eventually led to the devastating floods and Southwest drought in 2010. In northern China, the desert, Gobi, and desertified lands have reached 1.54 million square kilometers, accounting for 16% of the total land areas. Also, the biodiversity is continuously decreased. According to Stancheva, she said that: All of the previously described effects of overpopulation on the environment lead to the destruction of the natural habitat of many wildlife species (Stancheva). Chinas biodiversity is very rich, and higher plants and biological species account for 10% of the world. However, biodiversity is under a double threat from population growth and environmental degradation. Nearly half a century, China has more than 1,000 kinds of species extinction, which include about 200 species of higher plants. 15%-20% of plants and animal species are endangered, including about 4,600 species of higher plants and 400 kinds of wild animals. In addition, because of overpopulation, the industry activities become more important, which brings population. The air pollution is very serious, and the quality of atmospheric environmental in more than 500 cities cannot reach international standards. The pollution comes mainly from coal-fired release of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, smoke, dust pollution, and automobile exhaust pollution. In addition, the quality of water environment is deteriorating due to industrial wastewater discharge. The levels of pollutants in the water environment is far more than national quality standards, even infiltrating contaminated groundwater, which leads to the situation that local residents have no water to drink. Also, the emissions of solid waste are increasing, but the treatment rate and comprehensive utilization rate is not high. Finally, the noise pollution in the city becomes a major hazard. National regional environmental noise pollution rate is among the highest in the world. In general, higher demand for industry activities causes a series of environmental problems such as the lost of forest, the soil erosion, the decrease in biodiversity and pollution. Also, higher demand for industry activities is a result of overpopulation. Therefore, overpopulation is an indirect factor of environmental problems. The solutions for environmental problems caused by overpopulation The first solution is that accelerate the progress of science and technology to improve the sustainability. The government must enhance Chinas resources alternative capacity and ability to regenerate; the government also needs to enhance the assimilative capacity of the environment to reduce waste emissions. The second solution is improving education and health situation, and enhancing peoples quality. Environmental issues are very close to peoples quality problems, and sustainable development requires changing the traditional values of the environment to make everyone shoulder the responsibility to promote human harmony with the environment. The third solution is insisting on the national policy of family planning to reduce the burden on the environment. It is necessary to strict control of population growth, and to make the population growth rate in the level of which economic power and the supply of resources can withstand. The final solution can be improving resource utilization and reducing resources wasted. To conserve resources not only needs to reduce waste of resource consumption, but also must reduce the waste of resource development. At present, China has a serious waste in resource development. Also, strengthening the management of resources and improving resource utilization are an important part of the coordination of relations between people and lands. In conclusion, overpopulation is one of Chinas population problems, and if the government and people do not pay attention on it and do not have some solutions for it, there will be a huge damage to the environment.

Humanistic Perspective on Personality Essays -- Psychology Carl Rogers

The humanistic perspective on personality deals exclusively with human behavior. Humanistic psychologists believe that human nature includes a natural drive towards personal growth, that humans have the freedom to choose what they do regardless of environmental factors, and humans are mostly conscious beings and are not controlled by unconscious needs and conflicts. They also believe that a person's subjective view of the world is more important than objective reality. Two of the humanistic theorists that have made an impact of humanism are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When thinking about my personality in regard to different personality theories, I felt that I could most relate to the humanistic theory. Carl Rogers described self-concept as a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior. My self-concept is that I'm an easy-going, nice guy. If something happens that upsets me, I am pretty laid back about it and deal with it gradually. I like the fact that I'm easy going, and I don't want to suddenly start showing a temper or overreacting about things that I know I can get past calmly. Rogers also stressed the fact that our self-concept may not always be accurate. I like to think that I'm an intelligent human, but when others see my transcript, for example, they may think otherwise. But, on the other hand, when I am in a situation that I know a lot about, like hunting, another might think I am very intelligent. Others' view...

Ecn 204 Final Exam Notes

Macro Final Exam Chapter 10: The Money Systems What assets are considered â€Å"Money†? What are the functions of money and the types of money? * W/o money, trade would require barter > Exchanging one good/service for another * unlikely occurrence that two people e/ have a good that other wants * 3 functions * Medium of exchange: an item buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase g/s * Unit of account: the yardstick ppl use to post prices & record debts * Store of value: an item ppl can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future * 2 kinds Commodity money: commodity with intrinsic value, i. e. gold coins * Fiat money: money w/o intrinsic value, used as money b/c of gov’t decree, i. e. dollar bills * Money in Can’n economy * Money supply (Money stock): the quantity of money available in the economy * Two assets should be considers: * Currency: the paper bills & coins in the hands of the general public * Demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that despositors can access on demand by writing a cheque/using debit card * Money Supply = currency + depositsWhat is the bank of Canada and its role? How do Banks create money? * Central Bank: an institution designed to regulate the money supply in the economy * Bank of Canada: the central bank of Canada * Established in 1935, nationalized in 1938, owned by Can’n gov’t * Managed by board of directors appointed by minister of Finance, composed of: governor, the senior deputy governor (7 yr terms), 12 directors (3 yr terms) * Four primary functions: * Issue currency, act as banker to commercial banks & Can’n gov’t, control money supply * Commercial Banks and Money Supply Although Bank of Canada alone is responsible for Canadian monetary policy, the central bank can control the supply of money only through its influence on the entire banking system * Commercial banks include credit unions, caisses populaires, and trust companies * Commercial banks can influence the quantity of demand deposits in economy and money supply * Reserves: cash that commercial banks hold * Fractional banking system > Keeps fraction of deposits as reserves, rest is loaned * Banks may hold more than this minimum amt if they choose * The reserve ratio, R Fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves * Total reserves as % of total deposits * Bank T-account * T-account – simplified accounting statement that shows bank’s Assets & liabilities * Banks liabilities: deposits(what we put in the bank), Assets: Loans and reserves(What bank keeps) * R= Reserves/Deposits * Banks & money supply * $100 of currency is in circulation, determining impact on money supply: Calculate in 3 different cases * No banking system Public holds the $100 as currency; Money supply= $100 * 100% reserves banking system: banks hold 100% of deposits as reserves make no loans * MS = Currency (loans) + deposits = 0 +100 = 100 * Bank does not affect size of money supply * Fractional reserve banking system * R=10%: Reserves: 10, Loans: 90, Deposits: 100 * MS= $190 * When banks make loans > create money * Borrower gets: 90 in currency(asset), 90 in new debt/loan (liability) * Money Multiplier: The amt of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves * Money multiplier = 1/R R =10, 1/R = 10, 100 x 10 = 1000 * The Bank of Canada’s tools of Monetary Control * 1. Open-market operations * When it buys gov’t bonds from/ sells to the public * Foreign exchange market operations: when it buy/sells foreign currencies * MS increase when bank of Canada buys foreign currency with Canadian Currency; and decrease when BoC sells foreign currency * 2. Changing the overnight rate * Central banks act as bankers to commercial banks Bank rate : interest rate charged by bank of Canada on loans to the commercial banks * Since 1998 Bank of Canada as allowed commercial banks to borrow freely at the bank rate, paid commercial banks the bank rate , minus half percent, on their deposits at bank of Canada * Commercial banks never need to pay more than bank rate for short term loans, b/c they can always borrow from the Bank of Canada instead * Conversely, commercial banks never need to accept less than the bank rate, minus half a percent, when they make short-term loans, because they can always lend to the bank of Canada instead * Overnight rate: the interest rate on very short-term loans between commercial banks * Bank of Canada can alter the money supply by changing the bank rate, which in turn causes an equal change in overnight rate * A higher bank rate discourages commercial banks from borrowing from the Bank of Canada * A higher overnight rate discourages commercial banks from borrowing from other commercial banks * An increase in the overnight rate reduces the quantity of reserves in the banking system, which in turn reduces the money supply * Bank of Canada’s control of MS is not precise * Bank of Canada must wre stle w/ 2 problems that come from fractional-reserve banking * Does not control amt of money that: * Household choose to hold as deposits in banks * Commercial bankers choose to lend Chapter 11: Money Growth and Inflation How does the money supply affect the inflation & nominal interest rates? * Quantity theory of money: Price rises when gov’t prints too much money * Most economists believe the quantity theory is a good explanation of the long run behavior of inflation * Asserts that quantity of money determines value * 2 approaches: * Supply demand diagram MS determined by bank of Canada, banking system, consuers * In model, assume that BoC precisely controls MS & sets it at some fixed amt * MD (money demand) how much wealth ppl want to hold in liquid form * Depends on P: an increase in P reduces the value of money, so more money is required to buy goods & services * Thus: Quantity of money demanded is –vely related to the value of money +vely related to P, other thin gs equal (real income, interest rates, availability of ATMs) * * Results from Graph: Increasing MS causes P to rise * How does this work? Short version: * AT the initial P, an increase in MS causes excess supply of money * People get rid of their excess money by spending it on goods & services/ by loaning it to others who spent it * Result: increased demand of goods But supply of goods does not increase, so prices must rise * Other things happen in the short run, which we will study in later chapters) * Equation * Nominal Variables: are measured in monetary units * i. e. Nominal GDP, nominal interest rates (rate of return measured in $) nominal wage($ per/hour worked) * Real Variables: are measured in physical units * i. e. real GDP real interest rate (measured in output) real wage (measured in output) * Real vs. Nominal * Prices are normally measured in terms of money * Price of a compact disc: $15/cd * Price of a pepperoni pizza: $10/pizza A relative price: price of one good relat ive (divided by) another: * Relative price of CDs in terms of pizza: * Price of CD/Price of pizza = 15/10 = 1. 5 pizzas per cd * Relative prices are measured in physical units so they are real variables * Real vs. Nominal Wage * An important relative price is the real wage * W= nominal wage= price of labour $15/hr * P = price level = price of g&s $5/unit of output * Real wage is price of labour relative to price of output * W/P = 15/5 = 3 units output per hour * Classical theory of inflation: * Increase in overall level of prices * Over past 60 yrs, prices risen on avg of 4%/yr Deflation: people will wait for prices to drop on big ticketed items, dropped in the 20th century * In 1970s prices rose by 7%/yr * During 1990s, price rose at 2%/yr * Hyperinflation: extraordinary high rate * Quantity theory of money: explain long-run determinants of price lvl and inflation rate * Inflation is an economy-wide phenomenon that concerns the value of the economy’s medium of exchange * Whe n the overall price level rises, value of money falls * Inverse relationship b/w price & value of money * Value of money: * P = Price lvl (CPI/ GDP deflator) * P = price of basket of goods measured in money * 1/P is value of $1, measured in goods * Example: basket contains one candy bar, P = $2, Value of $1 is ? candy bar * The Classical Dichotomy Classical dichotomy: theoretical separation of nominal & real variables * Hume & the classical economists suggested that monetary developments affect nominal variables but not real variables * If the central bank doubles the MS, Hume & classical thinkers contend * All nom variables (including prices) will double * All real variables (Including relative prices) will remain unchanged * The neutrality of Money * Monetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the MS do not affect real variables * Doubling money supply causes all nominal prices to double, what happens to relative prices? * Initially, relative price of cd in terms of pizza is * Price of cd/price of pizza = 15/10 = 1. pizzas per cd * After nominal prices double * 30/20 = 1. 5 pizza per cd * Relative price is unchanged * Monetary neutrality: proposition that changes in the MS do not affect real variables * Similarly, the real wage W/P remains unchanged, so†¦ * Quantity of labour supplied/demanded, total employment does not change * The same applies to employment of capital & other resources * Since employment of all resources in unchanged, total output is also unchanged by the MS * Most economists believe the classical dichotomy & neutrality of money describe the economy in the long run Does the money supply affect real variables like real GDP or the real interest rate? The velocity of Money: the rate at which money changes hands * Notation: * PxY = nominal GDP = price level x real GDP * M = money supply * V = velocity * Velocity formula: V = PXY/M * Pizza, Y = real GDP = 3000 pizzas, P= price of pizza = $10, P*Y = $30,0000, M = $10,000 * V=30,000 /10,000= 3, avg dollar was used in 3 transactions * Quantity Equation * M*V = P*Y * V = stable * So, a change in M causes nominal GDP (P*Y) to change by the same % * A change in M does not affect Y: money is neutral, Y is determined by tech & resources * So, P changes by the same % as P*Y and M * Rapid money supply growth causes rapid inflation How is inflation like a tax? Hyperinflation is generally defined as inflation exceeding 50%/month * Excessive growth in the MS always causes hyperinflation * Inflation tax: * When tax revenue is inadequate and ability to borrow is ltd, gov’t may print money to pay for its spending * Almost all hyperinflations start this way * The revenue from printing money is the inflation tax: printing money causes inflation, which is like a tax on everyone who holds money * The Fischer Effect * Rearrange definition of real interest rate: * Nominal interest rate = Inflation rate + real interest rate * Real interest rate is determined by saving & inve stment in the loanable funds market * MS growth determines inflation rate This equation shows how the nominal interest rate is determined * In long run, money is neutral, so a change in the money growth rate affects the inflation rate but not the real interest rate * So, nominal interest rate adjusts one-for-one with changes in the inflation rate * The inflation tax applies to people’s holdings of money, not their holdings of wreath * Fishcher effect: an increase in inflation causes an equal increase in the nominal interest rate, so the real interest rate is unchanged What are the costs of inflation? How serious are they? * The inflation fallacy: most ppl think inflation erodes real income * Inflation is a general increase in price of the things ppl buy & the things they sell (i. e. labour) * In long run, real incomes are determined by real variables, not inflation rate * Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages ppl to reduce their money holdings * In cludes the time & transactions costs of more frequent bank withdrawals * Menu costs: the costs of changing prices Printing new menus, mailing new catalogs * Misallocation of resources from relative-price variability: Firms don’t all raise prices @ the same time, so relative prices can vary which distorts the allocation of resources * Confusion & inconvenience: inflation changes the yardstick we use to measure transactions, complicates long-range planning & the comparison of dollar amts over time * Tax distortions: inflation makes nominal income grow faster than real income, taxes are based on nominal income, & some are not adjusted for inflation, so†¦ inflation causes ppl to pay more taxes even when their real incomes don’t increase * Arbitrary redistributions of wealth Higher-than-expected inflation transfers purchasing power from creditors to debtors: debtors get to repay their debt w/ dollars that aren’t worth as much * Lower-than-expected inflation tran sfers purchasing power from debtors to creditors * High inflation is more variable & less predictable than low inflation * So, these arbitrary redistributions are frequent when inflation is high * Costs are high for economies experiencing hyperinflation * For economies w/ low inflation ( 0, â€Å"Capital outflow†, domestic purchases of foreign assets exceed foreign purchases of domestic assets * Capital is flowing out of country * When NCO < 0, â€Å"Capital inflow†, foreign purchases of domestic assets exceed domestic purchases of foreign assets * Capital is flowing into the country * Variables that Influence NCO * Real interest rates paid on foreign assets or domestic assets * Perceived risks of holding foreign assets * Gov’t policies affecting foreign ownership of domestic assets * The equality of NX & NCO * An accounting identity: NCO = NX * Arises b/c every transactions that affects NX also affects NCO by the same amt (And vice versa) * When a foreigner pur chases a good from Canada, * Can’n exports & NX increase The foreigner pay w/ currency or assets, so the Can’n acquires some foreign assets, causing NCO to rise * An accounting identity: NCO=NX * Arises b/c every transaction that affects NX also affects NCO the same amt ( & vice versa) * When a Can’n citizen buys foreign goods, * Can’n imports rise, NX falls * The Can’n buyer pays w/ Can’n dollars or assets, so the other country acquires Can’n assets, causing Can’n NCO to fall * Saving, Investment, & international Flows of Goods & Assets * Y = C + I + G + NX accounting identity * Y – C – G = I + NX rearranging terms * S = I + NX since S = Y – C – G * S = I + NCO since NX = NCO * When S > I, the excess loanable funds flow abroad in the form of positive net capital outflow, NCO >0 * When S e =P*/P implies that the nom exchange rate between 2 countries should equal the ratio of price lvls * If the 2 cou ntries have diff inflation rates, then e will change over time: * If inflation is higher in Mexico than in Canada, Then P* rises faster than P, so e rises – the dollar appreciates against the peso * If inflation is higher in Canada than in Japan, then P rises faster than P*, so e falls- the dollar depreciates against the yen * Limitations of PPP theory, why exchange rates do not always adjust to equalize prices across countries: * Many goods cannot easily be traded: * i. e. haircuts, going to movies * Price differences on such goods cannot be arbitraged away * Foreign, domestic goods not perfect substitutes: * i. e. some Can’n consumers prefer Toyatos over Chevys * Price differences reflect taste differences * Nonetheless, PPP works well in many cases, especially as an explanation of long-run trends * i. e.PPP implies: the greater a country’s inflation rate, the faster its currency should depreciate (relative to a low-inflation country like Canada) * Interest ra te determination in a small open economy w/ perfect Capital mobility * Why do interest rates in Canada & the U. S. tend to move up & down together? * Canada is a small open economy w/ perfect capital mobility * â€Å"small† = small part of the world economy * Canada is an economy w/ perfect capital mobility b/c * Can’ns have full access to world financial markets, * And the rest of the world has full access to the Can’n fin’l market * This means that the real interest rate in Canada should equal the real rate prevailing in the world U. S. r= r^w * Perfect Capital mobility: theory that real interest rate in Canada should equal that in the rest of the world is known as interest rate parity * Limitations: real interest rate in Canada is not always = to the real interest rate in the rest of the world b/c†¦ * Fin’l assets carry w/ them the possibility of default * Fin’l assets offered for sale in different Chapter 13: Macroeconomic theory of the open economy In an open economy, what determines the real interest rate? The real exchange rate? * Market of loanable Funds S=I + NCO * Supply of loanable funds = saving * A dollar of saving can be used to finance * The purchase of domestic capital * The purchase of foreign asset * So, demand for loanable funds=I + NCO * S depends +vely on the real interest rate, r * I depends –vely on r * Real interest rate, is the real return on domestic assets * A fall in r makes domestic assets less attractive relative to foreign assets * Can’ns purchase more foreign assets * Can’ns purchase fewer domestic assets * NCO rises * The supply & demand for loanable funds depend on the real interest rate * A higher real interest rate encourages ppl to save & raises the quantity of loanable funds supplied * The interest rate adjusts to bring the supply & demand for loanable funds into balance * At eq’m interest rate, the amt that ppl want to save exactly balances the des ired quantities of domestic investment & foreign investment * Loanable funds market diagram * R adjusts to balance supply & demand in the LF market * Both I & NCO depend –vely on r, so the D curve is downward-sloping * * In small open economy w/ perfect capital mobility, i. e. Canada, the domestic interest rate = world interst rate * As a result, the quantity of loanable funds made available by the savings of Can’ns does not have to equal the quantity of loanable funds demanded for domestic investment * The difference between these two amts is NCO * * How are the markets for loanable funds & foreign-currency exchange connected? The market for foreign-currency exchange exists b/c ppl want to trade w/ ppl in other countries, but they want to be paid in their own currency * 2 side of foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO & NX * NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases & sales of capital assets * NX represents the imbalance b/w exports & imports of goods & services * Another identity from preceding chapter: NCO = NX * In the market for foreign-currency exchange, * NX is the demand for dollars: foreigners need dollars to buy Can’n NX * NCO is the supply of dollars: Can’n residents provide/give dollars when they buy foreign assets * S=I + NCO > S – I =NX * What price balances the supply & demand in the market for foreign-currency exchange? * The real exchange rate (E) = e*P/P* The Can’n exchange rate(E) measures the quantity of foreign g/s that trade for one unit of Can’n g/s * E is the real value of a dollar in the market for foreign-currency exchange * The demand curve for dollars (NX) is downward sloping b/c a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive * The supply curve (NCO) is vertical b/c the quantity of dollars supplied for NCO is unrelated to the real exchange rate * Increase in E makes Can’n goods more expensive to foreigners, reduces foreign demand for Canâ⠂¬â„¢n goods & dollars, does not affect NCO/supply of dollars * The real E adjusts to balance the S & D for dollars * At Eq’m E, the demand for dollars to buy NX exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad * Disentangling S&D When can’n resident buys imported goods does the transaction affect s/d in foreign exchange market? * The demand for dollars decrease * The increase in imports reduce NX which we think of as demand for dollars (NX= net demand for dollars) * When foreigner buys Can’n asset, does the transaction affect supply/ demand in the foreign exchange market * The supply of dollars falls * NCO = Net supply of dollars How do gov’t budget deficits affect exchange rate & trade balance? * The effects of a budget deficit * National saving falls * The real interest rate rises * Domestic investment & net capital outflow both fall * The real exchange rate appreciates * Net export fall (or the trade de ficit increases) * Eq’m in the Open Economy NCO is the variable that links these two markets: S = I + NCO, NCO =NX * In the market for loanable funds, supply comes from national saving & demand comes from domestic investment & NCO * In the market for foreign-currency exchange, suplly comes from NCO & demand comes from BX * * * Eq’m in the open economy * Prices in the loanable funds market & the foreign-currency exchange market adjust simultaneously to balance supply & demand in these two markets * As they, they determine the macroeconomic variables of national saving, domestic investment, NCO, and NX How do other policies or events affect the interest rate, exchange rate, and trade balance? The magnitude & variation in important macroeconomic variables depend on the following: * Increase in world interest rates * Gov’t budget deficits & surpluses * Trade policies * Political & economic stability * Three steps in using the model to analyze these events * Determin e which of the s/d curves e/ event effects * Determine which way the curves shift * Examine how these shifts alter the economy’s equilibrium * * * Increase in world interest rates * Events outside Canada that cause world interest rates to change can have important effects on the Can’n economy * In a small open economy w/ perfect mobility, an increase in the world interest rate†¦ * Crowds out domestic investment, * Cause NCO to increase & * Causes the dollar to depreciate * The effects of an increase in the gov’t budget deficit * * Gov’t budget deficits & surpluses * b/c a gov’t budget deficit represents negative public saving, it reduces national saving, and therefore reduces†¦ * the supply of loanable funds * NCO * The supply of Can’n dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange * Trade Policy: is a gov’t policy that directly influences the quantity of goods @ services that a country imports/exports * Tariff: a tax o n imported goods * Imported quota: a limit on quantity of a good produces abroad and sold domestically * Initial impact is on imports – which affects NX NX are the sources of demand for dollars in the foreign-currency exchange market * Imports are reduced at any exchange rate, & NX will rise * This increases the demand for dollars in the foreign currency exchange market * * * There is no change in the market for loanable funds, and therefore, no change in NCO * B/c foreigners need dollars to buy Can’n NX, there is an increased demand for dollars in the market for foreign-currency * This leads to an appreciation of the real exchange rate * Effect of an import quota * An appreciation of the dollar in the foreign exchange market discourages exports * This offsets the initial increase in NX due to import quota * Trade policies do not affect the trade balance Political Instability & Capital Flight * Capital flight * Is large & sudden reduction in demand for assets located i n a country * Has its largest impact on the country from which the capital is fleeing, but it also affects other countries * If investors become concerned about the safety of their investments, capital can quickly leave an economy * Interest rates increase & the domestic currency depreciates * When investors around the world observed political problems in Mexico in 1994, they sold some of their Mexican assets and used the proceeds to by assets of the other countries * This increased Mexican NCO An increased demand for loanable funds in the loanable funds market leads the interest rate to increase * This increased the supply of pesos in the foreign-currency exchange market * * Chapter 14: Aggregate Demand & Supply What are economic fluctuations? What are their characteristics? * Over LR, Real GDP grows about 2%/yr on avg * In SR, GDP fluctuates around its trend * Recessions: falling real incomes & rising unemployment * Depressions: severe recessions (very rare) * SR economic fluctuat ions are often called business cycles * 3 facts about economic fluctuations * Are irregular & unpredictable * Most macro’c quantities fluctuate together * As output falls, unemployment rises Use mode of AD & AS to study fluctuations * Short run, changes in nominal variables (Ms or P) can affect real variables (Y/U-rate) How does the model aggregate demand & supply explain economic fluctuations? * Aggregate-demand curve – shows the quantity of goods & services that households, firms, & the gov’t want to buy @ each price level * Aggregate-supply curve- shows the quantity of goods & services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level * Why does the aggregate-demand curve slope downward? What shifts the AD curve? * AD curve shows quantity of g/s demanded in the economy at any given P * Y=C+I+G+NX * Assume G fixed by gov’t policy Increase in P reduces the quantity of g/s demanded b/c: * The wealth effect (c falls) * The dollars ppl hold buy fewe r g/s so real wealth is lower * Ppl feel poorer * i. e. a stock market boom makes households feel wealthier, C rises, the AD curve shifts right; preferences: consumption, saving tradeoff; tax hikes/cuts * Interest rate effect (I falls) * Buying g/s requires more dollars * To get these dollars, ppl borrow more * Drives up interest rates * i. e. firms buy new computers; expectations, optimism/pessimism; Interest rates, monetary policy; investment tax credit/other tax incentives * The exchange rate effect (NX falls) * Real exchange rate= exP/P* Increase real exchange rate, Can’n exchange rate appreciates * Can’n exports more expensive to ppl abroad, imports cheaper to Can’n residents * i. e. booms/recessions in countries that buy our exports (recession in the U. S. ); appreciation/depreciation resulting from int’l speculation in foreign exchange market * Changes in G * Federal spending i. e defense; provincial & municipal spending i. e roads, schools What is the slope of the aggregate-supply curve in the short run? Long run? What shifts AS curve? * AS curve shows the total quantity of g/s firms produce & sell at any given P * Upward-sloping in short run * Vertical in long run Natural rate of output (Yn) us the amt of output the economy produces when unemployment is at its natural rate * Yn is also called potential output/full-employment output * Yn determined by the economy’s labour (L) capital (K), and natural resources(N), and on the lvl of tech(A) * Changes in L/Natural rate unemployment: immigration, Baby-boomers retire, gov’t policies reduce natural u-rate * Changes in K/H: Investment in factories, more ppl get college degrees, factories destroyed by a hurricane * Changes in natural resources(N): discovery of new mineral deposits, reduction in supply of imported oil, changing weather patterns that affect agricultural production * Changes in tech (A): productivity improvements from technological progress * An increase in P does not affect any of these, it does not affect Yn (Classical dichotomy) * Any even that changes any of the determinants of Yn will shift LRAS * i. e. immigration increases L, causing Yn to rise * Over the LR, tech progress shifts LRAS to the right & growth in the MS shifts AD to the right * Ongoing inflation & growth in output * The SRAs curves is upward sloping: * Over the period of 1-2 yrs, an increase in P causes an increase in quantity of g/s supplied * If AS is vertical, fluctuations in AD do ot cause fluctuations in output/employment * If AS slopes up, then shifts in AD do affect output & employment * Three theories: * Sticky wage theory, Imperfection- nominal wages are sticky in the short run, they adjust sluggishly, due to labour contracts; firms & workers set the nominal wage in advance based on Pe, the price lvl expected to prevail * If P>Pe, revenue is higher, but labour cost is not. Productions is more profitable, so firms increase output & employment * Hence, hi gh P causes higher Y, so the SRAS curve slopes upward * Sticky price theory, Imperfection- many prices are sticky in the short run: due to menu costs, the costs of adjusting prices, i. e. ost of printing new menus, the time required to change price tags * Firms set sticky prices in advance based on Pe * Suppose the BoC increases the MS unexpectedly, in LR P will rise * In SR, firms w/o menu costs can raise their P immediately * Firms w/ menu costs wait to raise prices, meantime , their prices are relatively low, which increase demand for their products, so they increase output & employment * Hence, higher P is associated w/ higher Y, so the SRAS curve slopes upward * Misperceptions- imperfection: firms may confuse changes in P with changes in the relative price of the products they sell, if P rises above Pe- a firm sees its price rise before realizing all prices are rising. The firms may believe its relative price is rising & may increase output & employment, * An increase in P can cause an increase in Y, making the SRAS curve upward-sloping * What 3 theories have in common: Y deviates from Yn, when P deviates from Pe * Y(Output) = Yn + a(P-Pe) * Yn-Natural rate of output (LR) * a>0, measures how much Y responds to unexpected changes in P * P, actually price lvl; Pe, expected price lvl * SRAS & LRAS The imperfections in these theories are temp, over time†¦ * Sticky wages & prices become flexible * Misperceptions are corrected * In LR†¦ * Pe = P, Y=Yn, AS is vertical * Unemployment is at its natural rate * Why the SRAS curve might shift * Everything that shifts LRAS shifts SRAS too * Also, Pe shifts SRAS: * If Pe rises, workers & firms set higher wages * At e/ P production is less profitable, Y falls, SRAS shifts left * * Economic fluctuations * Caused by events that shift the AD/AS curves * 4 steps to analyzing economic fluctuations: * Determine whether the event shifts AD & AS * Determine whether curve shifts left/right Use AD-AS diagram to see how the shift changes Y & P in the short run * Use AD-AS diagram to see how economy moves from new SR eq’m to new LR eq’m * I. e. Stock market crash : C falls, so AD shifts left; SR eq’m at B, P & Y lower, unemp higher; Over time Pe fals, SRAS shifts right, until LR eq’m at C, Y and unemp back at initial lvls * * i. e. oil prices rises: increases costs, shifts SRAS Left, SR eq’m at point B, P higher, Y lower, unemp higher; from A to B, stagflation: a period of falling output & rising prices; if policymakers do nothing: low employment causes wages to fall SRAS shifts right until LR eq’m at A, or policymakers could use fiscal/ monetary policy to increase Ad & accommodate AS shift: Y back to Yn, but P permanently higher