Ritalin Essays - Methylphenidate, , Term Papers

Ritalin Ritalin The Babysitter of the 90's 07/03/2000 Prepared for Nursing 2116 by Tracey Hardin Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritalin's primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalin presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD has increased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding side effects and potential for abuse, however it greatly benefits those with ADHD. Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995). ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 1996). Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usually controlled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose. Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996). According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHD usually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin: Improved concentration Better focus Improved ability to complete their work Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span Reduced distractibility Reduced impulsivity Reduced restlessness and overactivity Improved patience More elaborate expressive vocabulary Better written expression and handwriting (especially in children) An improved sense of alertness Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli Ritalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritalin's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks the reuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter spirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritalin are minimal at therapeutic doses (Clinical Pharmacology Online 1997). Ritalin is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onset of action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 - 30 minutes after administration, and is most effective during the upward slope' and peak serum levels. Ritalin's effect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours, benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4 or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1996). Recently, there has been a dramatic upsurge of interest in using stimulants (mainly Ritalin) for children and adults for the increasingly popular diagnosis of ADHD. According to Persky (1996), the high frequency of the diagnosis of ADHD is a uniquely American phenomenon. Children and adults are now under greater pressure to perform and to do well academically or in the workplace. The chilling message in school and at work is Perform or Else. Because of this high intensity atmosphere, the use of Ritalin has become attractive. This has resulted in an acute epidemic of ADHD and the treatment of choice is Ritalin (Persky 1996). For example, after education reforms spearheaded by Ross Perot in Texas in 1984, Ritalin use in the state doubled. One Texas mother says she is being hounded by teachers to put her two boys on Ritalin against their psychologist's advice. Another mother says she had to ask a school board member to intervene when teachers at her child's school also pressed for

Writing a Great College Application Essay - 4 Great Essay Tips

Writing a Great College Application Essay - 4 Great Essay TipsWriting a great college application essay is the most important part of your college application. As you probably know, it's the first thing your college counselor will read and ultimately use to determine whether or not you qualify for their program. The essay needs to be solid, compelling, and engaging.While writing an application essay can seem like a daunting task, there are plenty of tools you can use to help make it easier. The most important tool is time. If you are able to devote the time necessary to write your essay, it will be well worth your while.There are a number of writing tips you can use to help speed up the process. One of the best ways to write a good essay is to identify the areas you know you will be writing about. For example, if you plan to talk about your background and your interests, you can write those first. Once you have your personal information and personal thoughts ready, you can move on to identifying your academic goals.The personal essay can be a bit more personal than a generic academic or personality essay, so don't be afraid to talk about certain events or people in your life. These are important parts of your academic profile, so take the time to share something that ties into your academic goals.The second tip is to write in the third person throughout the essay. I know that most writing tips would recommend writing from the perspective of the writer or the reader, but since this is an essay about applying to college, the fact that you are the one who writes the essay should help the reader relate to you. This will also allow you to provide direct feedback to the college.Finally, when you are writing the essay, you want to avoid using the same paragraphs all the way through. Write out a few sentences of a new idea or topic each time. This will keep your essay flowing, as well as keep it from feeling dry.The final tip is to be confident with your essay. There a re many times when people write poorly, so don't feel like you have to 'write it well.' Sometimes a very poorly written essay can look fantastic in print.Always make sure you read the instructions for the essay being submitted for publication. It will tell you how to format your essay, what to include and where to go for additional writing help. You can also find assistance from outside sources, such as tutors, professors, or counselors.

The Basics of Car Business Topics For Research Paper

The Basics of Car Business Topics For Research PaperResearch papers need to address specific subjects in order to be worthy of a decent grade. When writing a research paper, you must study up on the basics and then make an outline of your topic. Following is a list of car business topics for research paper. The study of this list would help you come up with a good research paper.You must cover subjects like automobile business, finance and car dealerships. These subjects will allow you to make some useful research. It will also increase your knowledge about the industry. If you want to write about the car business, you should begin by knowing about the industry. You can also study up on the auto industry before you start writing a research paper.A fundamental knowledge of finance is very important because it allows you to understand and analyze the industry. This will enable you to make sound decisions as you relate to finances. If you want to write about car dealerships, it is wise to learn about car dealerships before you start writing your research paper. A thorough knowledge of the industry would give you a broader perspective and a deeper understanding of the industry.Market analysis is another important topic for research paper. It would enable you to analyze the market and your target customers. Market analysis would also allow you to determine the trends and keep track of the market. This will also enable you to use the latest technology in your business so that you can keep up with the trends. It will also allow you to provide solutions for the needs of your target customers.You should know about demographics when writing a research paper. This will help you determine the demographic details of your target audience. This would enable you to create informative paragraphs and research data that are useful for your subject. Research data can also include demographic information and this would allow you to compare different demographic aspects of your targ et audience. This would allow you to come up with statistics that would be useful to you in your subject.If you want to write about automobile finance, you should make an outline of your topic and then write your research paper based on the outline. An outline is very important and will help you come up with a well-written research paper. It would also give you the right framework and timeline to finish your topic. When writing about finance, you should also study up on the industry. This will enable you to come up with sound research data that is useful to you in your research paper.You should not forget the topics related to insurance or finance. These topics will allow you to focus on insurance in your research paper. If you want to write about automobile dealerships, you should study up on car dealerships in your college or university before you start writing your research paper.Writing car business topics for research paper would allow you to give your readers a variety of info rmation that would be useful to them. It would also enable you to save money on your research paper. With this, you will be able to prepare the entire research paper yourself. Writing a research paper requires a lot of preparation but once you are done, you will find out that it is easier than you ever imagined.

Essay Writing Topics That You Can Use

Essay Writing Topics That You Can UseThere are many simple essay writing topics that you can use for your next essay writing project. These topics are often pre-packaged and you will be able to pick and choose the ones that you like best. What you will find though is that you must write the essay topics in a specific order and this is because some of the topics can have to do with specific events, so you will want to remember which one you will be writing first.You will also want to make sure that your essay writing topics have something to do with the theme that you chose in your essay. The topic you picked should tie in to what you are writing about in some way and in order to make sure that you get everything right that you want to you will want to follow the advice that you find on these simple essay writing topics.The first simple essay writing topic that you will want to look at is the topic of the name of the person. This is a simple essay topic because the name of the person is going to be something that is not very important, but it will be important enough that you will want to think about how to convey how important it is to find out who is responsible for something important that happened. You will want to think about how you were going to inform the reader, and if you are only going to have a brief description of the person then you might as well do it in just a few sentences.The second essay topic that you will want to look at is the topic of the causes of death. As you will know this is one of the more prominent subjects that you will want to make sure that you can express how important it is to find out who is responsible for an event. You will want to give some time for yourself and you will want to think about how you will be able to start with an extremely simple topic, and work your way up to something that will be informative.The third essay writing topic that youwill want to look at is the topic of justifications. You will need to think ab out how you are going to tell the reader about the reasons that the person responsible for something bad did something bad. The simplest way to do this is to start with justifications.In the last article that we have looked at in this series we looked at the topic of morals and how to use them in your essay. If you are not familiar with the topic that we discussed here then you should take the time to read through it and learn about it so that you will be able to use it to create a very interesting essay topic.These three easy essay topics will be able to help you create some very interesting essay topics that will be able to explain the whole topic of ethics and why it is important to tell the reader why someone did something bad. Remember to check out the links below the article so that you will be able to find out what you can use to write such an interesting essay topic.